Chemometric Evaluation of 16 Priority PAHs in Soil and Roots of Syringa vulgaris and Ficus carica from the Bor Region (Serbia): An Insight into the Natural Plant Potential for Soil Phytomonitoring and Phytoremediation
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Date
2025
Authors
Papludis, Aleksandra D.
Alagić, Slađana Č.
Milić, Snežana M.
Nikolić, Jelena S.
Jevtović, Snežana Č.
Stankov Jovanović, Vesna P.
Stojanović, Gordana S.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
MDPI
Source
Environments
Volume
12
Issue
8
Abstract
The soil phytomonitoring and phytostabilization potential of Syringa vulgaris and Ficus carica was evaluated regarding 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a chemometric approach and the calculation of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for each individual PAH in plants’ roots from each selected location in the Bor region. PAHs in roots and the corresponding soils were analyzed using the QuEChERS (Quick, Effective, Cheap, Easy, Rugged, Safe) method with some new modifications, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Pearson’s correlation study, hierarchical cluster analysis, and BCFs. Several central conclusions are as follows: Each plant species developed its own specific capability for PAH management, and root concentrations ranged from not detected (for several compounds) to 5592 μg/kg (for fluorene in S. vulgaris). In some cases, especially regarding benzo(a)pyrene and chrysene, both plants had a similar tactic—the total avoidance of assimilation (probably due to their high toxicity). Both plants retained significant quantities of different PAHs in their roots (many calculated BCFs were higher than 1 or were even extremely high), which recommends them for PAH phytostabilization (especially fluorene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene). In soil monitoring, neither of the plants are helpful because their roots do not reflect the actual situation found in soil. Finally, the analysis of the corresponding soils provided useful monitoring information.
Description
Keywords
chemometrics, common fig, common lilac, PAHs, soil monitoring, remediation
Citation
DOI
10.3390/environments12080256
Scopus
ISSN
2076-3298
ISBN
License
CC-BY